Abstraction in Modern Science -- Yoshio Nishina, the Pioneer of Modern Physics in Japan -- Tomonaga Sin-Itiro : A Memorial – Two Shakers of Physics -- The Discovery of the Parity Violation in Weak Interactions and Its Recent Developments -- Origins of Life -- The Computing Machines in the Future -- Niels Bohr and the Development of Concepts in Nuclear Physics -- From X-Ray to Electron Spectroscopy -- Theoretical Paradigms for the Sciences of Complexity -- Some Ideas on the Aesthetics of Science -- Particle Physics and Cosmology: New Aspects of an Old Relationship -- The Experimental Discovery of CP Violation -- The Nanometer Age: Challenge and Change -- From Rice to Snow -- SCIENCE—A Round Peg in a Square World -- Are We Really Made of Quarks? -- Very Elementary Particle Physics -- The Klein-Nishina Formula&Quantum Electrodynamics.

Yoshio Nishina, referred to in Japan as the Father of Modern Physics, is well known for his theoretical work on the Klein–Nishina formula, which was done with Oskar Klein in the 6 years he spent in Copenhagen under Niels Bohr during the great era of the development of quantum physics. As described by Professor Ryogo Kubo in Chap. 2 of this volume, Nishina returned to Tokyo in 1929, and started to build up experimental and theoretical groups at RIKEN. His achievements there were many and great: (1) Encouraging Hideki Yukawa and Sin-itiro Tomonaga to tackle a new frontier of physics, leading eventually to their making breakthroughs in fundamental theoretical physics that won them Nobel prizes; (2) the discovery of “mesotrons” (the name for Yukawa particles at that time, now called muons) in 1937, which was published in Phys. Rev. , parallel to two American groups; (3) construction of small and large cyclotrons and subsequent discoveries of an important radioisotope 237 U and of symmetric ?ssion phenomena by fast neutron irradiation of uranium (1939 – 40), published in Phys. Rev. and Nature; and (4) creation of a new style of research institute, open to external reseachers, an idea inherited from Copenhagen. During World-War-II his laboratory was severely damaged, and also his cyclotrons were destroyed and thrown into Tokyo Bay right after the end of the war.